tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16132340232711207902024-03-12T17:10:00.820-07:00aleena ko blogalookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-66188504389017209622011-07-14T09:23:00.000-07:002011-07-14T09:23:19.641-07:00Online Assignment.wmv<iframe width="425" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/dG_UQVnfJ_A?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-15948025239714664252011-07-14T05:40:00.001-07:002011-07-14T05:41:13.167-07:006-lane road develops cracks<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__qjSuR8YOm_olE8-nqgkBJFvXkTRwoveLJDezD6wmWUAK2eC1T1a2gBwoMYbgRTz3_XWAgvBQyhomKzQZnARMO97_Hq47gWEOvpcIdWKq3JFJpBQpImyaXoQ4Hy_HwuZ6yhKkfyvUYw/s1600/tbb_2843_Tinkune.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__qjSuR8YOm_olE8-nqgkBJFvXkTRwoveLJDezD6wmWUAK2eC1T1a2gBwoMYbgRTz3_XWAgvBQyhomKzQZnARMO97_Hq47gWEOvpcIdWKq3JFJpBQpImyaXoQ4Hy_HwuZ6yhKkfyvUYw/s320/tbb_2843_Tinkune.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5629186981085585282" /></a><br /><div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >ALINA SHAKYA <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">While the discussion about the short lived condition of the country roadway being constructed by different sources within the country is at its top level ,we are now facing the same problem with roadway being constructed by foreigners. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Just two months have passed since the six –lane Tinkune- Suryabinayak road came into full operation, </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">this road which is assumed to be of international level </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">has been found with cracks and potholes.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Technicians, who earlier used to say the road needs no repair for the first five years, are shocked to find crack surfacing at Thimi Chowk and Hanumante bridge. Two small burrows infront of Radhe-radhe have been reconstructed overnight.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >The six-lane road, stretching 9.1 km was constructed by Hazama ( a Japanese contract firm). The Tinkune-Suryabinayak stretch of the Arniko Highway was widened under the Kathmandu-Bhaktapur Road Improvement Project with a grant assistance of Rs 2 billion from the government of Japan and Rs 400 million as counterpart fund from Nepal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Every minute more than 60 vehicles move through this road and though the concerned authority bets that it can hold the speed of vehicles with 80km per hour. The ongoing devastating condition of the road has become the headache of local people.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" >Whatever the cause of damage, Hazama has decided to repair the damaged sections.The Japanese contractor did its job on time, but the work that the Nepal government was supposed to carry out is yet to be completed. Construction of railings along the road and construction of service tracks left and right the road has not been completed.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" ><br /></span> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p></div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-51057921317976142772010-06-23T05:59:00.000-07:002010-06-23T06:02:56.455-07:00Ethical Cultural Relativism<div align="justify">Cultural relativism is the form of moral relativism that holds that all ethical truth is relative to a specified culture. According to cultural relativism, it is never true to say simply that a certain kind of behaviour is right or wrong; rather, it can only ever be true that a certain kind of behaviour is right or wrong, relative to a specified society.<br />The strength of cultural relativism is that allows us to hold fast to our moral intuitions without having to be judgemental about other societies that do not share those intuitions. If we reject cultural relativism then we face a difficulty: if we are to be consistent about our moral beliefs then it seems that we ought to condemn those past societies that have not conformed to our moral code and perhaps even seek to impose our moral code on those present societies that do not already accept it.<br />On cultural relativism, our moral code applies only to our own society, so there is no pressure on us to hold others to our moral standards at all. On cultural relativism, we can say quite consistently that equality in the workplace is a moral necessity in our society but is inappropriate elsewhere around the globe. In an age where tolerance is increasingly being seen as the most important virtue of all, this can seem to be an attractive position.<br />This strength of cultural relativism, however, is also its weakness. Cultural relativism excuses us from judging the moral status of other cultures in cases where doing so seems to be inappropriate, but it also renders us powerless to judge the moral status of other cultures in cases where doing so seems to be necessary. Faced with a culture that deems slavery morally acceptable, it seems to be appropriate to judge that society to be morally inferior to our own.<br />Cultural relativism, as it has been called, challenges our ordinary belief in the objectivity and universality of moral truth. It says, in effect, that there is no such thing as universal truth in ethics; there are only the various cultural codes, and nothing more.<br />Many thinkers believe that different cultures have different moral codes, thus generating a system of cultural relativism. A good example of such theories can be found in anthropologist Ruth Benedict’s popular book Patterns of Culture (1934). What one believes and does depends simply on where you are, according to Benedict. For example, in Mexico a journalist may well moonlight for a politician in the evenings, and there is nothing unethical about it, whereas in the United States such a practice would be considered unethical. The believer in ethical cultural relativism would claim that there is no objective standard by which we can call one societal code better than another, that different societies or cultures have differing ethical codes, that one’s own moral code has no advantage over others, that there is no universal truth in ethics, and that it is nothing more than arrogance for us to judge the conduct of other peoples. Cultural relativism is closely related to contextual (sometimes called situation) ethics.<br />Journalism is traditionally practiced through news organizations such as newspapers, broadcasting stations or news web sites. These organizations have their individual modes of operations and cultural expectations, but they are part of a larger culture in which the profession is practiced. Journalists do not work alone. They are part of a larger culture that has its conventions and norms. Journalist must be grounded in matters pertaining to the national interest of societies within his scope of operation.<br /><br /> </div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-74527296202714037752009-09-13T09:19:00.000-07:002009-09-13T09:26:33.420-07:00Significance of Mass Media Research<div align="justify">Mass media are defind as media which have their proper program and constitute their own audience. Mass media research, accordingly, deals with the production of programs and the consumption of the audience.( Heiner Meulemann and Jörg Hagenah).Mass media research is a part of the communication research. It does scientific study of mass communication media and how people interact with it as individual and as a group. There are some research experts who prefer to term the study as ‘mass communication research’ rather than ‘mass media research’. Research is scientific therefore it is verifiable, objective, empirical, systematic, cumulative and logical. Every area of the mass media uses research. Every time we raise a “who, what, when, where, why, how” question when dealing the mass media, we have developed an investigative question. Research helps provide answer to these questions. Media professionals have to take instant decisions which should be informed ones and therefore, they need to be involved in research. The mass media research may seek answer to such question as to Which types of advertising are most effective in selling products and services? What are the elements of a successful magazine cover page? What type of format a radio news and current affairs should adopt? Why a current TV serial is not performing as well as expected? why do viewers select one television program over another? Which sections of newspaper do people read most often?<br /> And so on. All research, whether formal or informal, begins with a basic question or proposition about a specific phenomenon. These questions can be answered to some degree with well-designed research studies.<br />Scientific research is an organized, objective, controlled, cumulative, empirical analysis of one or more variables. Science is a particular state of human mind. We all conduct research everyday. We do this whenever we test a question about anything. Children conduct “research studies” to determine which items are hot and which are cold, how to ride a bicycle and which persuasive methods work best with parents. Teenagers “test” ideas about driving, dating, and working, and adults “test” ideas about family, finance, and survival.<br />C.S.Peirce, discussed four approaches to finding answers , or methods of knowing: tenacity, intuition, authority, and science.<br />Quality media is the result of very careful and precise research.There is no area of mass media that hasn’t been affected by research. Mass media use researches to verify or refute gut feelings or intuition for decision making. Research finding and recommendations are used to make credible media products for the audience. Research in any field including mass communication, is a collective human endeavor to discover the truth.<br /><br /><br />References:<br />R.D. Wimmer and J.R. Dominick; Mass Media Research An Introduction (Seventh edition); Wadsworth, Belmont; CA 3098.<br />Nirmala Mani Adhikary; Understanding Mass Media Research; Prashanti Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu; 2006.<br /> </div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-10898484026254748182009-06-22T06:01:00.000-07:002009-06-22T06:32:03.942-07:00Mandev, not the founder of Changu Narayan<div align="justify">Changu Narayan is a pagoda-style Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnuin his incarnation as Narayan. Changu Narayan Temple, one of the most beautiful World Heritage Sites, stands on a hilltop at the eastern end of the valley, about 6km north of Bhaktapur and 22km from Kathmandu. It came in existence in 4th century. In the book “Environment and Population” its written that king Mandev had established the Changu Narayan temple. But people are not aware of the fact that it was not Mandev, it was King Haridutta Burma who actually built the Changu Narayan according to the priest of the temple Chakradharananda Raj Upadhya. Mandev isn’t the one to established the Changu Narayan temple because King Mandev is after the 9th generation of king Haridutta Burma. King Mandev in his manifesto had talked about the land he’s going to give for the establishment of the Changu Narayan temple. Nowhere has he mentioned about the temple been established by him.</div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-56033298411886871322009-06-08T10:00:00.000-07:002009-06-08T21:57:53.807-07:00Radio Nepal<div align="justify">Radio Nepal was established on 1st April 1951. Radio Nepal airs programmes on Short Wave, Medium Wave and FM frequencies. The short Wave transmission of Radio Nepal is estimated to reach listeners throughout the kingdom. Medium Wave transmission covers 70% to 80% of the population. Radio broadcasting is the cheapest and quickest means of mass communications in Nepal. Radio Nepal recognizes that its primary obligation is to serve its listeners. It has been providing various programs aimed at creating mass awareness in its attempt to reflect the views of all sections of the society. Radio Nepal broadcasts news bulletins in at regular intervals (hourly) from 06:00 hrs until the close of the transmission. In additional to the news in Nepali and English, there are bulletins in other languages at various timings. They are Magar , Gurung, Tamang, Rai Bantawa, Limbu, Newari, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Urdu, Tharu East and Tharu West, Avadhi, Sherpa, Maithili, Sanskrit, Kham Magar and Doteli. The station has designated stringer reporters in more than 50 districts for coverage of news and information.<br />In its effort to utilize the advances in modern technology and introduce useful changes in its broadcast environment, Radio Nepal has recently launched a project called "Newsroom Computerization Project". The overall concept of the project is to eventually make a paperless newsroom. With the support from UNESCO, Radio Nepal is proud to be among the few radio stations in Asia trying to turn the news system digital. Radio Nepal has its own studios for programme production, music recording, drama recording, talks shows and news broadcasts. A music library at its premises in Singh Durbar has a collection of about 40,000 songs.<br />The Broadcasting Headquarters at Singha Durbar in Kathmandu has two broadcasting houses consisting of one drama studio, two music studios, one reporting studio, three continuity studios, one news studio and seven programme production studios. One of the music studios is equipped with a 24 track recording facility. This studio is open for hiring purposes for anyone desirous of recording music digitally whether solo track or for albums after payment of studio charges which are very relatively reasonable compared to other private studios.The complex also has one open air live theatre facility for functions and musical performances.<br />In an attempt to reach interested listeners world wide, Radio Nepal has entered the Internet since April 1997. Radio Nepal has also commenced Online Radio Service since December 2006 .The service on internet broadcasting has continued with joint efforts of Radio Nepal, Worldlink Communication and New IT venture Corporation, Japan.<br />Radio Nepal faces the challenges of moving with the changing times in the light of the new innovations in broadcast technology. Most of its outdated transmission equipment needs to be replaced or refurbished. In program production, the digitization process has already been started, but a lot needs to be done.</div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-77049449663692746982009-06-08T09:47:00.000-07:002009-06-08T09:49:15.079-07:0013th Nepal Education and Book Fair<div align="justify">The 13th Nepal Education and Book Fair was held at Bhrikuti Mandap which was organized by Global Exposition and Management Servicing Pvt. Ltd. The event was inaugurated by poet Durga Lal Shrestha. Nepali writers Karna Shakya and Jagdish Ghimire spoke at the ceremony.<br />The fair started from 15th May till 23rd May, 2009. May 21st ,2009 we the students of media studies visited the 13th book fair at Bhrikuti Mandap. There were around 51 book stalls including the colleges, abroad consultancies, computer institutes etc.<br />Beside the Book Fair, Nepal Science and Exhibition and Competition also attracted many visitors. But in comparison to the previous book fair, this time there were very less number of visitors.<br />The fair had course book, novels, childrens' book, biographies, programming books and many more. The stalls had very few numbers of buyers. The stall owner even informed us that they have to think quite hard to put the stall next year. </div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-48540898462762120062009-05-06T19:51:00.000-07:002009-05-06T19:53:35.044-07:00Parachute Journalism<div align="justify">Parachute journalism is an often derogatory term used to describe the practice thrusting journalism into an area to report on a story in which the reporter has little knowledge or experience.<br />As a term, “Parachute journalism” invokes both the exciting image of the scribe coming to the rescue from the sky and the pejorative notion of the unprepared neophyte landing over his head in a big story abroad, but in fact it invokes a broad assortment of practices that share the characteristic of a reporter covering news in a place other than the ones in which he or she has experience. That defines much of journalism, from high-profile coverage of major wars and events of global significance to local reporters who drive from their usual beat to encounter regional events where little reportage normally occurs.<br />One advantage of this type of journalism is that parachuter is an outsider who can look at the news event from a fresh perspective and notice things or provide an angle to the story that a stringer may have missed. He or she is more likely to be able to pinpoint what a global audience will be interested in.</div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-42152318436900304972009-05-06T08:38:00.000-07:002009-05-06T08:44:54.303-07:00Journalism and Democracy<div align="justify"><span >Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Gerhard Schroeder opines, “Democracy is impossible without freedom of the press, for freedom of the press is the basis of democracies. Complex controversies cannot be solved without freedom of the press, as questions must be aired. Freedom of the press is one of the major building blocks in a democracy.”<br />Journalism is the voice of the voiceless and plays the role of watchdog in the society. It is strong bridge between concerning authorities and the people. It handles all public issues. In fact, press is the people’s open forum. Press makes such an environment where people get information and be prepared to take part in democracy. People’s participation is the foundation of democracy. Press is the pillar of democracy.<br />Press freedom is mother and heart of all freedom by which democracy can be measured. But press freedom is not solution itself , it is just the means of solution. Press is a watchdog of the society. Without right to speak and publication, democracy is impossible. Without free speech people can’t express their ideas, opinion and neither can they participate in social discourses. Realizing the role of press, British politician “Edmund Burke” in the late 18th century had establish press as a fourth organ of the state.<br />In the democratic equation there are three types of identities: the politicians, the public and the publication. These three P’s of the democratic process which, through their correlation with each other , make modern democracy unique compared to other political philosophies. The relationship between the politician and the public, through the media and journalism particularly is distinctive in a democracy and has a very special connection with the electoral process, which separates true democracy from imitations. We can take the example of USSR which also had elections but that certainly didn’t make them a democracy. Liberated media is fundamentally crucial in genuine democratic societies because it practices the theory of including the public in governmental affairs, and commemorates the democratic idea that reality can only be relative and truth and facts are to be deemed authentic by individuals, not administrators.<br />Journalism is necessary because direct democracy is obsolete. People do not really have a say in modern democracy except for their vote. Journalism serves as a mirror to socio-political reality. It informs people about what really is going on and involves them in decision-making processes. In a democracy most of the times an average person is gone unnoticed and it is through journalism that average people are able to have a say and influence on things. The only real reason there is journalism in democracy is to make people aware.Had it not been for newspapers and media we wouldn’t be aware of the events taking place in the world. We wouldn’t be informed and cautious as we are now. Due to journalism we know about elections and candidates and we vote accordingly to what we hear and see through T.V, newspapers.<br /><br />The main difference between a democratic and non democratic country is not determined by elections, but by how free their journalists are.Journalism fails to serve its purpose in the absence of freedom.<br />Journalism is an anarchist dimension where individuals can choose to relay the truth, or make their own. Governments don’t need free press, but free journalism needs democracy. Free journalism is simply impossible without one. A democracy would be unattainable without attempting to include the public into governmental affairs.<br />The central purpose of journalism is to provide citizens with accurate and reliable information they need to function in a free society.<br />Media functions in democracy as:-<br />• Informing the public<br />• Investigation<br />• Analysis<br />• Social Surveillance<br />• Public forum<br />• Mobilization<br />A French novelist once said, “Free press can, of course, be good or bad, but, most certainly without freedom, the press will never be anything but bad.” Journalism, for better or for worse, is the best example of the freedom of individuals and the importance of free thought in a democracy.<br />Media itself wants to become free therefore it always supports the democracy. On the other hand the government also needs to communicate with people. It is only possible when there is a well functioning democracy. If we look back to the history of Nepal then we find press took growth after the introduction of democracy in 1951. before it Gorkhapatra was the only medium for government to reach peoples. But later when King Mahendra took the power and declared Panchayat system the right to press freedom was violated and private sectors were restricted. In 1990 after the restoration of democracy Press got flourished and today also it is believed that it was press which took the positive change and growth. Similarly during Janaandolan-2 King Gyanendra took power and attacked Nepali press. Lots of foreign news channels were banned to broadcast in Nepal. News papers were not allowed to publish against the government and F.M. radios were not allowed to broadcast news. After Janaandolan-2 again Nepali media got its freedom and it was possible only because of democracy. If we look at the media of Myanmar then we can find less freedom for press and press working as the mouthpiece of government. It proves that democracy and journalism are both interdependent. Neither journalism nor democracy can be imagined separately. Journalism is taken as an inseparable part of any democratic system.</span></div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-75126505743275330102008-12-30T08:53:00.000-08:002008-12-30T09:18:09.736-08:00Pictures speaks more than words...<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvWU0Hbb-01_2W_BwkDB57NO_3SWA6YdlaNjwhpWXzEDsH2kMMYFBpvpz0FgY0OoSS0yFVAkVWd8zK0sPaJ4Ppu48Hixrl0pv8khOQoIs9J7a3z-JOjkObTjDBA40E-WrLI96XrU4gLJw/s1600-h/DSC00249.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvWU0Hbb-01_2W_BwkDB57NO_3SWA6YdlaNjwhpWXzEDsH2kMMYFBpvpz0FgY0OoSS0yFVAkVWd8zK0sPaJ4Ppu48Hixrl0pv8khOQoIs9J7a3z-JOjkObTjDBA40E-WrLI96XrU4gLJw/s320/DSC00249.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285633366860552594" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNEqY2zRmIFhFcmaL6ps9SHTG7g_sy40HBfykj9wccApHQ62wd1dS1dCxWWftrVZikehHEQsXu6hVxKb_JrG7wJsT5-GsXtP4u7uZ-ydJvL_uJeVFBE2dSxe881BEcNspBbeCKMjrOp0M/s1600-h/DSC00241.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNEqY2zRmIFhFcmaL6ps9SHTG7g_sy40HBfykj9wccApHQ62wd1dS1dCxWWftrVZikehHEQsXu6hVxKb_JrG7wJsT5-GsXtP4u7uZ-ydJvL_uJeVFBE2dSxe881BEcNspBbeCKMjrOp0M/s320/DSC00241.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285633352171892322" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoUXQMLNbdneLA_sQFkMJISh8K6GRpURyE_h3Pz8W5m8OemCjfLC1W76rquS3z4HpVP_-1rc1i1pVcdGa3BTReeTczT5k0-hb-3z7JJ3bbvTc8VooUupiclo0QNoVTQDzugRfq5HuKprA/s1600-h/DSC00298.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoUXQMLNbdneLA_sQFkMJISh8K6GRpURyE_h3Pz8W5m8OemCjfLC1W76rquS3z4HpVP_-1rc1i1pVcdGa3BTReeTczT5k0-hb-3z7JJ3bbvTc8VooUupiclo0QNoVTQDzugRfq5HuKprA/s320/DSC00298.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285633372300033426" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLiiKtdQnVICYNcZb_ywoeRZiWUsacR6onISVYTEuQwKHupPYnegmADF_0ReAxw7-Tb_I4xX2wRk4cpOMJFj03hx_rWEZXJ2KHwRghWOgPuua6Ac3bjsc_s2cgZFRrDSYgV5vLanJ045c/s1600-h/DSC00280.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLiiKtdQnVICYNcZb_ywoeRZiWUsacR6onISVYTEuQwKHupPYnegmADF_0ReAxw7-Tb_I4xX2wRk4cpOMJFj03hx_rWEZXJ2KHwRghWOgPuua6Ac3bjsc_s2cgZFRrDSYgV5vLanJ045c/s320/DSC00280.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285633370929693602" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOh1VQ1yk6kqcrFRsMu2hhyphenhyphen7kyIwaNXdQzGBLfOnVg7uLbw9WfBqRYSr6h2uYzWpjgKS1dOi5xKK-c_ZuhXPGEbSQkBNbGJN74xr4Qn9q6eW7FvdUVIp2wrKN8ERF2JINKapI_jkOSaO4/s1600-h/DSC00253.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOh1VQ1yk6kqcrFRsMu2hhyphenhyphen7kyIwaNXdQzGBLfOnVg7uLbw9WfBqRYSr6h2uYzWpjgKS1dOi5xKK-c_ZuhXPGEbSQkBNbGJN74xr4Qn9q6eW7FvdUVIp2wrKN8ERF2JINKapI_jkOSaO4/s320/DSC00253.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5285633365774224018" border="0" /></a>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-38739264670856370102008-12-23T08:58:00.000-08:002008-12-23T09:00:37.698-08:00<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIT6ms4Q5TRifj8-Rw6u4ZuJDSDIjp92wskzRgkGxWAFG0m56KRGFuY_5fAmiejSWeFGtwxyRjKtFxdPl-q7e0vExsekr15FM6j6jQXD-OGyM6MAPcehRrLn0rYOuHt76XS77Q0S1unFc/s1600-h/mk+gate.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5283031493675168098" style="WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIT6ms4Q5TRifj8-Rw6u4ZuJDSDIjp92wskzRgkGxWAFG0m56KRGFuY_5fAmiejSWeFGtwxyRjKtFxdPl-q7e0vExsekr15FM6j6jQXD-OGyM6MAPcehRrLn0rYOuHt76XS77Q0S1unFc/s320/mk+gate.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div></div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-24545435223203055932008-12-23T08:42:00.000-08:002008-12-23T08:55:17.412-08:00<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlVpBaHCsHlHwY1Y4lVsvflZm2qP0Qm8I_CBN-b6FD1RbVkq6u2I1J3BMJOb_Gh5RaC_iAVfgWIoM-DLItpQpDwzttqaBEYdIE1NZ3PY736oOMe4EmKKfFE4ubaYfnm4GH7E6Tx8omCwc/s1600-h/Picture+098.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5283027951588880882" style="WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlVpBaHCsHlHwY1Y4lVsvflZm2qP0Qm8I_CBN-b6FD1RbVkq6u2I1J3BMJOb_Gh5RaC_iAVfgWIoM-DLItpQpDwzttqaBEYdIE1NZ3PY736oOMe4EmKKfFE4ubaYfnm4GH7E6Tx8omCwc/s320/Picture+098.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div></div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-24967722743793588722008-12-23T07:24:00.000-08:002008-12-23T07:46:57.397-08:00The Great Gatsby (Book Review)<div align="justify">The Great Gatsby is the remarkable novel of Fitzegerald. He got the popularity after the publication of “The Great Gatsby.” Different people may interprete The Great Gatsby in different levels. The novel dominantly presents the destruction of American Dream.<br /><br />The Great Gatsby is based on American materialistic fiction. It shows the contemporary society of America after 2nd World war where people were fully devoted to earn money to fulfill the interest and to get prosperity and happiness. They even didn’t care about their love. The novel combines symbolism with psychological realism. It gives the real picture of new American society where people have their materialistic identity. It presents the contemporary American world where the old boundaries were broken and new values were started. The novel is very significant to present the modern materialistic world.<br /><br />Daisy Buchanan is the most important female character in the novel who is very sophisticated. She is absolutely influenced by materialistic values and forgets her humanity. She fell in love with Jay Gatsby. They intended to marry but Gatsby has to go Overseas and she get married with Tom Buchanan although he was old man she doesn’t care what’s love or she doesn’t know the real meaning of love. She betrays her pure lover i.e Gatsby. She is a very selfish person , her selfishness is clearly visible in everything that she does. <br /></div><div align="justify">The most important symbol used in the novel is "The Valley of Ashes." The Valley of Ashes symbolizes the destruction of the human civilization and humanity. The Valley of Ashes is the place which is civilized ,advanced and industrialized but everything in the valley is covered with ashes.The outer environment of the place is polluted because of the industrialization. </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">This novel talks about the selfish nature of human being. How mean and selfish one can be to fulfill his/her desire and forget about humanity. It also focuses how harsh and hard one’s heart can be which can’t be melted even by one’s true love. It talks about the power of money and human beings being slave infront of money. <br /> </div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-86408803222893368452008-12-23T05:35:00.001-08:002008-12-23T05:37:02.518-08:00Historical Development Of Mass Media In NepalThe modern history of mass communication in Nepal starts after binging a printing press in 1851A.D(1908 B.S) from Britain by Janga Bahabur Rana which was known as Giddhe Chhapakhana. After the arrival of press the era of print media started. It was the first press machine entered in Nepal. After some years another press was established which was called “Manoranjana Press”. In thee years Nepali first Muluki Ain was published from this press. It took three years to print 1038 pages book of Muluki Ain.<br /><br />The first magazine in Nepali language was “Gorkha Bharat Jivan” published from Benaras, India. In 1898 A.D Sudhasagar was the first Press Publication from Nepal which was 2nd magazine in Nepali language. Sudhasagar was the only paper published in Nepal Before Gorkhapatra. But there were numbers of magazines and newspapers in Nepali language published from India. We can study the historical development of mass media in Nepal by dividing it in some time intervals. The widely used division is as follows:<br /><br />1901-1951<br />The Rana would not permit people to publish any newspapers. It became possible to publish newspaper because of Dev Sumsher’s liberal policy. After 2 years and 10 months of Sudhasagar publication Gorkhapatra came into light i.e in 1901. It was the first newspaper second press publication in Nepal and press publication in Nepali language . In 2000 B.S Gorkhapatra became twice a week. In 2003 B.S Gorkhapatra became thrice a week. Rana didn’t permit to publish the name of the editor of Gorkhapatra till 1934 A.D.<br />Another literary magazine Sharada, was published in 1934 A.D. Telephone service in Nepal was started in 1913 A.D. After producing 500 kilo watt electricity in 1911 A.D Nepal entered to the era of electric press.<br /><br />1951-1961(Democracy Period)<br />In the year 1951A.D, Nepal entered to democratic multiparty system and a new era of Nepali journalism emerged. Within 24 hours of the announcement of the democracy, “Awaj” the first daily newspaper of Nepal published in 2007 Falgun 8th from Kathmandu. Awaj survived only for 2 years. In 2011 Bhadra 24th Samaj Daily, the second daily newspaper published from Kathmandu. Journalism in different languages English, Hindi, Newari, Maithili, etc appeared.<br /> <br /><br />The fomal establishment of Radio broadcasting was done after the establishment of democracy i.e 20th Chaitra 2007 B.S. There were two private news agencies Nepal Sambad Samitee and Sagarmatha Sambad Samitee which was merged into one government news agency Rastriya Samachar Samitee in 2018 Falgun 7.<br /><br />1961-1990(Panchayat Period)<br />King Mahendra overthrew the elected government headed by B.P Koirala<br />and established Panchayat system. It was autocratic, anything promoting multiparty system especially the Nepali Congress was strictly prohibited.<br />Journalists had faced a number of problems, number of them were kidnapped, threatened and even shot dead. Thus it is known as dark period. Panchayat period can be defined as “era of struggle”<br />However there were remarkable infrastructure development. Gorkhapatra was made daily. They also published Rising Nepal, Madhuparba.<br />Beginning of film was done during Panchayat. A documentary of 42nd birthday of King Mahendra was first film made from Nepal. First featured film – Aama,1965 A.D(2022 B.S). The first film in Nepali language made from India in 1950 was Satya Harishchandra.<br />Radio Nepal got true shape of national broadcasting service during Panchayat. Film corporation was established. Advertising agencies also grew.<br />Thus Panchayat can be defined as “era of struggle for press freedom and infrastructure development in Nepalese media.”<br /><br />1990 to onwards<br />After the restoration of democracy constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2047 guaranteed Press freedom. Favourable environment for professional journalism appeared, huge investments were started from private sector. Kantipur publication was established with more than Rs 30 million (3 crore).It published Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post in 2049 Falgun 7th which were the first broadsheet national dailies from private sector. New wave of F.M broadcasting from non-government and private sector is started. Some private channels are Channel Nepal, Image Metro,Kantipur Television etc. In 2061 Bhadra Kantipur, Channel Nepal and Space Time were vandalized by unknown groups of people, which can be taken as black day in Nepalese media.alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-17071686472095072472008-12-23T04:48:00.002-08:002008-12-23T05:34:12.026-08:00Principles Of The JournalismJournalism is a special branch of mass communication and is playing vital role in modern society. Journalism means the communication of news that is important or interesting or both through written words, sounds or picture using mass media. Journalism is that part of social activity which is concerned with the dissemination of news and views about the society. Experts view journalism as a highly rewarding career with challenges. Journalists go where others can’t. Journalism as a profession is done based on its own principles. These are directives that journalists have developed through their practice. The main function of journalism is to bring light to the people what its members feels and think. A journalist who misuses his power for any selfish or unworthy purpose is faithless to high trust. There are certain principles of journalism which every journalist is supposed to observe. They are as follows:-<br />1)Responsibility:<br />Journalist should be responsible for their nation and society. A journalist who uses his power for any selfish or otherwise unworthy purpose is faithless to a high trust.<br />2)Freedom of the press:<br />Freedom of the press is to be guarded as a vital right of mankind. It is unquestionable right to discuss whatever is not explicitly forbidden by law, including the wisdom of any restrictive statute.<br />3)Independence:<br />Journalist should be independent in writing news from private sources, both in form and substance. They shouldn’t copy from other.<br />4)Sincerity, truthfulness and Accuracy:<br />Any newspaper can be truthful by every consideration of good faith. The newspaper contents must be accurate. Non-factual matters shouldn’t be published. Headlines should be fully warranted by the contents of the articles.<br />5)Impartiality:<br />News reports should be free from opinion of any kind. The emphasis should be given to spread impartial news.<br />6)Fairplay:<br />It should not invade private rights or feelings without sure warrant of public right as distinguished from public curiosity.<br /><br /><br />7)Decency:<br />Decency is also one of the most important principles of modern journalism. Journalists must deserve their respect in the society. They should work so faithfully that the society regards them.alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-57003201027588802072008-12-23T02:35:00.000-08:002008-12-23T02:55:39.467-08:00Mass Media System In AfghanistanINTRODUCTION<br /><br />Afghanistan is a barren, mostly mountainous country of about 647,500 sq. kilometers (250,000 square miles). It is approximately the size of Texas. Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan. It is an Islamic republic. It is one of the world’s poorest and least developed countries. Its economy is not industrialized. There is practically no infrastructure, road, power, communication etc. There is still barter in many sectors. It is a tradition system mixed with Muslim religious principle. People are contended with what they have and do not have much exposure to the external world.<br /><br />Afghanistan’s population is to be estimated 31,056,997, which is characterized by high growth, low quality of life, and an unusual settlement pattern brought on by conflict and drought. The majority of the people (about 60 percent) live in rural areas, about 30 percent live in cities, and 10 percent live a nomadic lifestyle. These percentages are rough estimates, however, because the ongoing civil war and a succession of poor growing seasons have forced over 3 million Afghanis to become refugees Afghanistan is a complex mosaic of ethno linguistic groups. As of 1979, 99.7 percent of the Afghan population was of the Muslim faith, and the remainder was largely Hindu.<br /><br />The political system of Afghanistan has seen a sea change over the past few decades. The land has long been witness to historic events and wars that has truly transformed the prevalent political conditions of the country. In recent years the political scenario of Afghanistan has long been predominated by efforts of invasion by the United States and the United Kingdom and establishes a stabilized government.<br />BROADCAST MEDIA<br />Color television broadcasting began in 1978. The Taliban banned television and closed the station in 1996. Taliban religious police smashed privately owned television sets and strung up videocassettes in trees in a form of symbolic execution by hanging. Anyone found harboring a television set was subject to punishments of flogging and a six-month incarceration.<br />In the northeast, however, Badakhshan Television broadcast news and old movies for three hours every evening. Financed by the Northern Alliance, the station's audience was limited to around 5,000 viewers (among 100,000 residents in Faizabad without electricity).<br /><br />TELEVISION<br />The development of television in Afghanistan has been slow. According to most estimates, only one- third of the Afghan population has access to television, while all attempts at reforming the state-owned Afghan television have been abandoned. With USAID funding, Arman FM has started Afghanistan's first independent commercial TV channel, Tolo TV, in early October, although its success has yet to be ascertain. The national survey, which dates to 2005, shows that 19 percent of Afghan households own a television, a remarkable total when considering that not only was owning a TV a crime under the Taliban but that a mere 14 percent of the population has access to public electricity.<br />The government controls National Television Afghanistan (RTA). Three of the most popular television broadcasters are Tolo TV, Aina TV, and Ariana TV. Now there are 10 T.V channels they are: -<br /><a title="Afghan TV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_TV">Afghan TV</a><br /><a title="Afghanistan National Television" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan_National_Television">ANTV</a> (Afghanistan National Television)<br /><a title="Ariana Afghanistan Television (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ariana_Afghanistan_Television&action=edit&redlink=1">Ariana Afghanistan Television</a><br /><a title="Ariana TV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_TV">Ariana TV Network</a><br /><a title="Ariana TV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_TV">Ariana TV Network International</a><br /><a title="Ayna TV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayna_TV">Ayna TV</a><br /><a title="Lemar TV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemar_TV">Lemar TV</a> (private, Pasto)<br /><a title="Shamshad TV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamshad_TV">Shamshad TV</a><br /><a title="Simaye Quryan (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simaye_Quryan&action=edit&redlink=1">Simaye Quryan</a><br /><a title="Tolo TV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolo_TV">Tolo TV</a> (private channel, Farsi)<br /><br />Below is list of the channels in Afghanistan with their type of broadcast.<br />1.RTA--Government2.Tolo--Private--FarsiLanguage3.Lemar--Private--Pashto4.Noorin TV--owned by Panjshiri Businessman-- Farsi5.Noor TV--Owned by Burhanuddin RAbbani--Farsi6.Tamadon--Owned by Asef Mohseni--Farsi7.Farda--owned by Mohaqeq--Farsi8.Imroz--owned by Najibullah Kabuli MP--Mostly Farsi9.Afghan TV--private-- Pashto and Farsi<br />10.Shamshad TV--owned by Afghan melat--Pashto11. Ariana TV--owned by Bayat--Mix12. New Channel by Khali13. Ayena --owned by Dostum--Farsi, uzbeki, Turkmeni and Pashto<br /><br /><br />RADIO<br />Radio Arman is Afghanistan's first ever privately owned independent FM radio station. . Half of its radio jockeys are women, who co-present the program with men. Afghanistan is still steeped in a radio culture as the majority of the population, particularly in the remote rural regions, depends on radio. Arman FM is the country's most successful commercial pop station.<br />The government also controls one radio station, Radio Afghanistan. Taliban radio, which was banned after the fall of the regime, began broadcasting again in April 2005. The location of the Taliban's station is unknown.<br />Radio is the broadcast medium of choice in Afghanistan, an option well suited to a low-literate society, although most people do not have a radio. Radio ownership is limited around 74 per 1,000. The Radio Voice of Sharia (Islamic law), founded in 1927 as Radio Kabul and controlled by the Ministry of Information and Culture, was programmed by the Taliban to provide domestic service up to 10 hours daily in Dari and Pashtu; daily domestic service of 50 minutes in Nurestani, Pashai, Turkmen, and Uzbek; and 30 minutes of foreign service in English and Urdu.<br />There are now at least 45 FM radio stations in Afghanistan. Some of them are: -<br /><br /><a title="Arman FM (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arman_FM&action=edit&redlink=1">Arman FM</a> 98.1<br /><a title="Radio Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Afghanistan">Radio Afghanistan</a><br /><a title="Radio Aryana (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Aryana&action=edit&redlink=1">Radio Aryana</a> FM 93.5 Kabul Afghanistan<br /><a title="Radio Azadi (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Azadi&action=edit&redlink=1">Radio Azadi</a> FM 100.5 Kabul Afghanistan<br /><a title="BBC Radio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio">BBC Radio</a> FM 89.0 Kabul Afghanistan<br /><a title="Radio kILID (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_kILID&action=edit&redlink=1">Radio kILID</a> FM 87.5 Kabul Afghanistan<br /><a title="Radio FM 89.4 (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_FM_89.4&action=edit&redlink=1">Radio FM 89.4</a> Kabul Afghanistan<br /><a title="Radio Zala (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Zala&action=edit&redlink=1">Radio Zala</a> FM 89.2 Kunar Afghanistan<br /><br />NEWSPAPER<br /><br />Since the fall of King Zahir Shah in 1973 and the end of the "decade of democracy", the press has been in the hands of the government. After coming to power in 1978, the Democratic Party introduced a media system based on the Soviet model. About 100 publications, all dependent on state institutions, were scrupulously vetted by the security ministry's "seventh committee", which was in charge of censorship. When the Mujahideen took control in 1992, 90% of publications disappeared, either because they were banned or because they had been stripped of their material resource. In the provinces, a few publications controlled by the local authorities appear irregularly. Their content is meagre, with no photos, illustrations, readers' letters or editorials. All the news printed comes from ministries and the official news agency. Working conditions for journalists are very harsh: they have to take orders from the Taliban representatives assigned to editorial offices, and the state pays little and irregularly. In spite of the troublesome<br />condition of press and press freedom the Dean of Kabul University insists that journalism course are still taught according to the criteria of international media and professional ethics. Needless to say, the University admits only male students.<br /><br />Afghani newspapers provide information on local issues, politics, events celebrations, people and business. Controversial and political issues are usually ignored in newspapers. The potential newspaper audience is small because Afghanistan has a literacy rate thought to be among the lowest in Asia that is just 28%, although education is compulsory for children between the ages of 7 and 13.<br />According to one Afghan journalist in his direct opinion "There are no journalists left in Afghanistan today. They are working as religious officials and are formally forbidden to write anything." Foreign journalists who have been covering Afghanistan since 1996 tell how nervous the military are of still and video cameras, which they call "the Devil's boxes".<br /><br /> Afghanistan adopted a new press law in March 2004. While giving the media a relatively liberal framework in which to develop it also lets the political authorities maintain a degree of control over the press. New newspapers and printers, for example, must get a license from the information ministry. The commissions in charge of regulating the print and broadcasting media are under the government’s thumb. And foreign investment in the media is strictly limited.<br /><br />The first regularly published Afghani newspaper was the Saraj-al-Akhbar ("Lamp of the News") debuting in 1911 and published in Afghani Persian (Dari), eight years before Afghanistan gained independence on August 19, 1919, from Great Britain. Modern printing machines began operating in Afghanistan in 1927, although the printing standards remain behind the times.<br />Despite of the instable government and press freedom there are some notable newspapers which have contributed on the development of press in Afghanistan and they are:-<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?9587" target="blank">Afghan Daily</a> [In English]<br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?9586" target="blank">Afghan Online Press</a> [In English]<br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?10390" target="blank">Bassirat</a> [In French]<br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?12842" target="blank">Benawa.com</a> (kandhar)<br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?13269" target="blank">The Daily Afghanistan</a> (Kabul) [In Pashto & Dari]<br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?13270" target="blank">Daily Outlook Afghanistan</a> (Kabul) [In English]<br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?9426" target="blank">Kabul Press</a> (Kabul)<br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?3" target="blank">My Afghan</a><br /><a href="http://lt.webwombat.com/lt.php?13489" target="blank">Tolafghan</a> [In Pashto & Dari}<br />Film industry<br />Cinema entered <a title="Afghanistan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> at the beginning of 20th century. The political changes of Afghanistan has not allowed the cinema of the country to grow over the years. However, numerous Pashto and Persian films have been made both inside and outside Afghanistan throughout the 20th century. Cinema of Afghanistan entered a new phase since 2001. Several Afghan films have attracted international critics and the public.<br />“Osama"(Dari/Pashtu) is the first full-length feature film to emerge from Afghanistan since the fall of the Taliban regime. It is an attempt to come to terms with the country's history – and it already won a Golden Globe Award.<br />Apart from Dari cinema, Pashto cinema is also flourishing in Afghanistan. Several Pashto language films have been made since the fall of the Taliban. Also several Pashto films have been made by foreigners like "Good Morning Afghanistan" (2003) by Camilla Nielsson<br />In the whole of Afghanistan after 1978, there were 26 movie theatres – 18 of them in Kabul. Many of these were lost in the war.<br />Since 2000, the cinema of Afghanistan has slowly started to emerge from a lengthy period of silence.<br />Since the establishment of an Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) the rebirth of the Afghan film industry has attracted great international support and it can be said that film is currently the most developed Afghan art form. The films shown are mainly educational in nature, covering such subjects as landmine awareness, healthcare and protection of the nation’s heritage.<br />Afghanistan has a registered <a href="http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/afghanistan/Units/141.html">Film Union</a>, which is part of the <a href="http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/afghanistan/Units/136.html">Artists' Union of Afghanistan</a>. It is now independent from state control, under the leadership of filmmaker Timor Shah Hakimyar. At the time of the Soviets the first Film Union was controlled by the government, who dictated the type of films to be made.<br />Although there is no formal film school in Afghanistan, the University of Kabul’s <a href="http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/afghanistan/Units/315.html">Faculty of Fine Arts</a> offers a theatre-training program, which includes acting for the cinema. <a href="http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/afghanistan/Units/203.html">AÏNA</a>, <a href="http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/afghanistan/Units/18.html">Afghan Film</a> and Kabul Film also run apprenticeship programs to encourage young filmmakers.<br /><br />MUSIC INDUSTRY IN AFGHANISTAN<br />Today's Afghan music can be roughly divided into traditional, modern and post-modern. Boundaries between these different categories are not clear-cut but roughly reflect eras of pre Soviet, intra Soviet and post Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The influences of neighboring cultures are reflected upon Afghan Music. Since Taliban banned Music, most Afghan music during that period was created in exile. Afghan artists continued to produce music especially in the United States and Canada. Afghan music sites all around the world<br /><br />· Afghansongs.com<br />· AfghanLyrics.com<br />· Afghan MP3 Songs<br />· Afghan HITS.com<br />· Afghan Music Page etc..<br /><br />NEWS AGENCIES<br />The Bakhtar News Agency, responsible for domestic news collation and distribution to all domestic media, reports to the Ministry of Information and Culture. Leaders in both these units traditionally have been appointed based on their loyalty to the ruling government.<br />Afghani refugees—the Afghan Islamic Press and the Sahaar News Agency, have launched two Pakistani-based news agencies. They manage to produce bulletins with varying degrees of accuracy for mostly Western wire services.<br />Because of the dangers to journalists based in Afghanistan, foreign news bureaus have shrunk. By 2001 only three countries were represented by news agencies in Kabul: Czechoslovakia, Russia, and Yugoslavia.<br />The Afghan government runs one news agency, Bakhtar News Agency. The other two are privately owned: Pajhwok Afghan News Agency and Hindukush News Agency.<br /><br />CENSORSHIP<br />By 2002 it appeared that traditional forms of press freedom were simply nonexistent in Afghanistan. Because the ruling movement strictly interpreted Muslim Sharia law and banned representation of people and animals, for example, newspapers were picture-free— censorship in which Afghanistan stands alone in the world. Had newspapers been allowed to print photographs, women would have appeared only in full veil and men in full beard. This suppression of freedom of expression extended to a complete ban on music and films.<br />Self-censorship also has been a problem because of the threats received by journalists after writing articles critical of the Taliban. Afghan journalists, working both locally and in exile, have been subject to warnings as well as fatwas (death threats) for writing unpopular reports. These threats have sometimes materialized into murder.alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613234023271120790.post-63250711535446393472008-11-11T06:22:00.001-08:002008-12-23T08:42:03.436-08:00<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiExpL_PWJCD4gRHhDTZmUBQZhjAgAqbHfoEmEcK1y2ZbXgmAT4_D1tL8TyU6ZvSMFdAAgCi88KvHwsr5pCzjfjIqwroLQ3-mqCsMwOoiohFch-SqjsRWXTkJwp6FXMMLK37eUPQ6eVgw/s1600-h/Picture+091.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5283026060482436114" style="WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 240px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiExpL_PWJCD4gRHhDTZmUBQZhjAgAqbHfoEmEcK1y2ZbXgmAT4_D1tL8TyU6ZvSMFdAAgCi88KvHwsr5pCzjfjIqwroLQ3-mqCsMwOoiohFch-SqjsRWXTkJwp6FXMMLK37eUPQ6eVgw/s320/Picture+091.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div></div>alookobloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12766333036128284536noreply@blogger.com1